History of Photography Project

History of Photography Research Project
  1. Camera Obscura
    1. when an image of a scene is projected through small hole in the screen as reversed and inverted image. This is latin for "room dark"
    2. Mo-Ti was a chinese philosopher who recorded the creation of an inverted image.
      1. He formed this by light rays passing through a pinhole into a darkened room
      2. He called the darkened room a "collecting place"
     3. Aristotle was a greek philosopher and scientist born in Chalkdice (Greece)
  1. (384-322 BC)
  2. He understood the optical principle of the camera obscura
  3. Observed the solar eclipse projected on ground while the small hole created by leaves
    4. Islamic scholar and scientist Alhazen (c.965 - 1039)
  1. Invented first pinhole photography
  2. Able to tell why the images appeared upside down
  3. Optic Law allowed the image to flip making Pinhole Camera possible
    5. Johannes Kepler
  1. Discovered the major laws of planetary motion
  2. Astronomer who used a collapsible tent to make a camera obscura
  3. Arguments of the first portable camera
2. Development of the Glass Lens
  1. Joseph Max Petzval
    1. Mathematician, inventor, and physician
    2. Creator of Pevtal portrait lens
      1. First portrait objective lens
    c. creator of Opera glasses
  I. re compact, low-power optical magnification devices used for watching the opera
3. Light Sensitive Surface and the First Printed Photographs
  1. Joseph Nicephore Niepce
    1. French inventor
    2. Credited as inventor of photography
    3. Developed heliography
      1. Asphalt that hardened when exposed to light and when oils washed away the hardened areas remained
     2. Louise-Jacques-Mande Daguerre
  1. Romantic painter and printmaker most famous until proprietor of Diorama
  2. To capture images with a wooden box with lens at one end that formed an image on the glossed glass at the other end
  3. Partnership with Niepce (same ideas) until death in 1838
  4. 1839 his process was explained (revolutionary)
  5. Diorama and Daguerre’s lab burned to the ground
  6. Daguerreotype
    1. A photo taken by early photographic process using iodine- silver plate and mercury vapor
     3. Henry Fox Talbot
  1. Took small wooden box with lens and projected the scene on a piece of glossed glass where he would try and trace outlines onto a thin piece of paper
  2. Experimented with nature
    1. Found sheet of fine writing paper and coated it with salt and silver nitrate leaving a print
    2. Used discovery to make precise tracings of specimens (leaves or plants)
    c. Calotype
 i. Photographic process using paper coated with silver iodide
ii. introduces in 1841 by Henry Tallbot
4. The Creation of the Camera
  1. Joseph Petzval
    1. His mathematical background with interest in optics led Petval to make calculations for photographic lenses
    2. Continued research  on daguerreotype cameras
    3. Designed portrait lens in 1840 that had an aperture of f/3.6
    4. Petval lens (disagreements) but worked many years to develop a landscape lens that would have smaller aperture
    5. Loss of manuscripts/ abandonment of research
     b. Peter von Voightlander
 i. partners with Petval and helped create the first sample lens in 1840
ii. area of interest was optical theory-
a.calculating the refraction and diffusion of glass
Iii. Ended with argument as Pevtal believed he did not receive the credit he deserved
5. Invention of Color Photography
  1. Gabrielle Lippmann
    1. Evolved the general theory for the photographic reproduction of color in 1886 but had great difficulties
    2. 1891 presented photographs however defective due to sensitivity
    3. 1893 present to Academy of Science the photographs taken by A. and L. Lumiere with perfect chromatic images
    4. Published complete theory in 1894
    5. In 1890s discovered method for color photography based on interference producing blackened layers
  B. James Clerk Maxwell
  1. Figured the way to existence of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation
  2. Found new concept that energies occupies in fields bodies
  3. This use of electromagnetic radiation applies with the impact of photography
    1. Analyzed color perception
    2. Used red, green and blue filters, as he produced the first color photography
  4. He advanced in Communications, Photography, Science, and Mathematics
C. Louis Ducos du Hauron
I. was a French physicist and inventor
Ii.  1869 developed Trichrome Process of color photography
A. straining method that varied Orange, Red, and blue
Iii. photographed scenes through green, orange and violet filters then printed negatives on thin sheets contained blue, red, and yellow
Iv. 1891 he created a device of three-dimensional photography called an anaglyph
D. George Eastman /Kodak
  1. American Entrepreneur who founded Eastman Kodak Company
  2. Popularized the use of roll film
  3. Known for the invention of motion picture film in 1888
  4. Company created easy to use cameras that made photography easy and flexible film which contributed to the launch of motion film
  5. March 14, 1932 Kodak ended his own life
6. Development of Digital Photography
  1. Kodak/ NASA role in development of digital camera
    1. First digital camera built by Eastman Kodak in 1975
    2. First to develop the concept digital camera was Eugene Lally
      1. Used the mosaic photosensors
      c.JPL team led by Eric Fossum researched ways of improving
    complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
  Ii. Fossum invented the CMOs active-pixel sensor
  1. Improved image quality and provided for complete miniature imaging systems
B. CCD-What is it? What does it do in a digital camera?
  1. Charge couple device- is a light sensitive integrated circuit that stores and displays the data for an image that each pixel in the image is made into an electrical charge which intensifies the color
  2. The CCD is the image sensor that creates higher quality photos
  3. This moves electric charges which convert light into electric signals
C. First Commercially available digital camera
  1. The first commercially available camera was the Kodak DCS 100
  2. Very uncommon and difficult to use, but with some advancements it became important to the technology of photography
  3. Created a digital storage to place photos
D. Social impacts of digital photography
  1. Less expensive due to the photographer not having to buy film anymore
  2. Less environmental impact/ no longer waste of film or chemicals used in development
  3. Qualities of an image have improved
  4. Photography has developed through media
Part Two
  1. Kodak Brownie
    1. Fact: The well marketed easy-to-use camera costed $1.00
    2. Importance: This camera made snapshot possible and created high photographic market and influenced cameras made after it
    2. Leica 1, Model A
  1. Fact: The first high quality 35mm camera to be released to the media
  2. Importance: This camera became the guideline for all 35mm cameras and continued for 35 years after
   3. Kine Exakta
  1. Fact: It was called Kine Exakta because it used 35mm cine film
  2. Importance: First widely known 35mm single-lens reflex camera and influenced the creation of 35mm SLRS
  4. Kodak Super Six-20
    a. Fact: The camera produced eight images per roll of 620 film
    b.  Importance: The first auto-exposure still camera with roll film that influenced technology improvements
  5. Nikon F
  1. Fact: The first professional-caliber SLR
  2. Importance: The removable pentaprism and external meter-coupling system allowed this image to be continuously refined
 6. Asahi Pentax K1000
  1. Fact: This beginner camera became widely known and quite popular to millions who enjoy SLR photography
  2. Importance: Refined in China and Japan, the student camera became the most successful SLR camera
  7. Minolta Maxxum 7000
  1. Fact: The first camera completed with passive autofocus SLR with AF system
  2. Importance: With the success of the Maxxum camera, technology improvements were made along with the advancements in DSLRs
  8. Sony Mavica
  1. Fact: The camera was not made for digital photography but was a television camera
  2. Importance: The shutter speed,interchangeable lenses, and no photographic film made this camera an opportunity of endless ideas
9. Kodak DCS 100
  1. Fact: This camera was the first camera offered to sell to the public
  2. Importance: This camera offered CCD image sensor and had an 200 MB SCSI hard drive which stimulated the interest of photographers and helped improve digital SLRs.
10. Kodak DC 210
  1. Fact: This ‘Megapixel camera” sold for just under $1000.
  2. Importance: The first compact camera that had point-and shoot qualities with new features.
11. Nikon D100
  1. Fact: The first digital SLR that had major success among the public.
  2. Importance: This camera excellence performance with updated qualities made this camera the top digital SLR for a few years and still used.
12. Canon EOS Digital Rebel
  1. Fact: The first digital SLR Camera that sold for under $1000 to the public
  2. Importance: This camera included new features that renewed the DSLR and evoked new ideas in digital photography.
13. Apple iPhone
  1. Fact: The iPhone was like no camera ever created. It changed the way photos can be shared and recognized to the public eye.
  2. Importance: The iPhone brought a new aspect to the world of photographers. As the easily portable phone has multi-functions and a new way of sharing photos.
14. Sony SLT Alpha-55
  1. Fact: This camera can take up to 10 frames per second with improvements in HD and detection.
  2. Importance: This camera with all its improved qualities has opened a gateway to endless possibilities to come to further generations
Works Cited
"What Is a Camera Obscura?" The Magic Mirror of Life: An Appreciation of Camera Obscura. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2017. <http://brightbytes.com/cosite/what.html>.
Dunbar, Brian. "A Picture of Innovation." NASA. NASA, 2010. Web. 14 May 2017. <https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/20/tech_life_aptina.html>.


Schneider, Jason. "The 14 Most Influential Cameras of All Time | Expert Photography Blogs, Tip, Techniques, Camera Reviews - Adorama Learning Center." ALC. Jason SchneiderAdorama ALC, 13 Nov. 2016. Web. 10 May 2017. <https://www.adorama.com/alc/the-14-most-influential-cameras-of-all-time>.
"Niépce and the Invention of Photography." Nicephore Niepce House Photo Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2017. <http://www.photo-museum.org/niepce-invention-photography/>.


"How Digital Cameras Work." HowStuffWorks. N.p., 29 Nov. 2006. Web. 15 May 2017.
"Mo Ti." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2017. <http://www.ancient.eu/Mo_Ti/>.
"Museum of Vision." Museum of Vision: Dedicated to Preserving Ophthalmic History. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2017. <http://www.museumofvision.org/exhibitions/?key=44&subkey=4&relkey=29>.
The Camera Obscura in History. Camera Obscura Journal of Contemporary Literature and Photography - A biannual literary review featuring fiction and photography. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2017.
Amadio, Anselm H., and Anthony J.P. Kenny. "Aristotle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 01 Feb. 2017. Web. 17 May 2017.
Castella, Tom De. "Five Ways the Digital Camera Changed Us." BBC News. BBC, 28 Feb. 2012. Web. 12 May 2017.

Geography. "Lomography - The Man Behind the Lens: Joseph Petzval." · Lomography. Lomography, 16 Apr. 2015. Web. 12 May 2017.

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